Estimating causal effects
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Estimating causal effects.
Although one goal of aetiologic epidemiology is to estimate 'the true effect' of an exposure on disease occurrence, epidemio-logists usually do not precisely specify what 'true effect' they want to estimate. We describe how the counterfactual theory of causation, originally developed in philosophy and statistics, can be adapted to epidemiological studies to provide precise answers to the questi...
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I Assessing the causal effect of a treatment variable X on an outcome variable Y from observational data is usually difficult due to the possible existence of unobserved common causes. I In our paper we examine how, given an observed dependence between X and Y , various kinds of additional assumptions which related to the “strength” of confounding of X and Y can help to estimate the causal effe...
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This paper presents randomization-based methods for estimating average causal effects under arbitrary interference of known form. Conservative estimators of the randomization variance of the average treatment effects estimators are presented, as is justification for confidence intervals based on a normal approximation. Examples relevant to research in environmental protection, networks experime...
متن کاملEstimating causal effects from epidemiological data.
In ideal randomised experiments, association is causation: association measures can be interpreted as effect measures because randomisation ensures that the exposed and the unexposed are exchangeable. On the other hand, in observational studies, association is not generally causation: association measures cannot be interpreted as effect measures because the exposed and the unexposed are not gen...
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Viewpoint: Estimating the Causal Effects of Policies and Programs* Estimation, inference and interpretation of the causal effects of programs and policies have all advanced dramatically over the past 25 years. We highlight three particularly important intellectual trends: an improved appreciation of the substantive importance of heterogeneous responses and of their methodological implications, ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: International Journal of Epidemiology
سال: 2002
ISSN: 1464-3685,0300-5771
DOI: 10.1093/intjepid/31.2.422